https://repository.auw.edu.bd/handle/123456789/797 2026-06-21T10:01:04Z https://repository.auw.edu.bd/handle/123456789/979 Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene for Small Shopkeepers: A Perspective from Bangladesh Nazim Uddin, Sayed Mohammad Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) facilities and programs for small shopkeepers (SSKs) in low and middle income countries have not been explored in detail in the scientific or grey-literature or developmental initiatives. This scoping study employs a structured questionnaire survey, semi-structured key informant interviews, and focus group discussions with SSKs in Dhaka City, Bangladesh, as well as interviews with officials from government and non-government groups. The study revealed that the majority of the SSKs are typically categorized as a floating population, leading them to face a range of problems associated with WASH such as absence of relevant statistical data, unhygienic sanitation technologies, insufficient public baths and toilets, unsafe drinking water, and lack of awareness of safe personal WASH behavior. All respondents experienced WASH-borne diseases such as diarrhea, stomach infections and pains at least once a month, resulting in a loss of 10% of monthly income on average. Based on these findings, it is recommended a census be conducted in order to collect proper statistics on SSKs to develop and implement both technical initiatives (e.g. safe drinking water points) and non-technical programs (e.g. awareness) to improve conditions for this marginalized population and contribute to the sustainable development goals in Bangladesh and globally. 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z https://repository.auw.edu.bd/handle/123456789/978 Toilet revolution in China Nazim Uddin, Sayed Mohammad The wide-spread prevalence of unimproved sanitation technologies has been a major cause of concern for the environment and public health, and China is no exception to this. Towards the sanitation issue, toilet revolution has become a buzzword in China recently. This paper elaborates the backgrounds, connotations, and actions of the toilet revolution in China. The toilet revolution aims to create sanitation infrastructure and public services that work for everyone and that turn waste into value. Opportunities for implementing the toilet revolution include: fulfilling Millennium Development Goals and new Sus- tainable Development Goals; government support at all levels for popularizing sanitary toilet; envi- ronmental protection to alleviate wastewater pollution; resource recovery from human waste and disease prevention for health and wellbeing improvement. Meanwhile, the challenges faced are: insuf- ficient funding and policy support, regional imbalance and lagging approval processes, weak sanitary awareness and low acceptance of new toilets, lack of R&D and service system. The toilet revolution requires a concerted effort from many governmental departments. It needs to address not only tech- nology implementation, but also social acceptance, economic affordability, maintenance issues and, increasingly, gender considerations. Aligned with the ecological sanitation principles, it calls for un- derstanding issues across the entire sanitation service chain. Public-private partnership is also recom- mended to absorb private capital to make up the lack of funds, as well as arouse the enthusiasm of the public. 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z https://repository.auw.edu.bd/handle/123456789/977 Investigation on microbial inactivation and urea decomposition in human urine during thermal storage Nazim Uddin, Sayed Mohammad The World Health Organization suggests storing human urine for at least 6 months at 20 W C prior to application as fertilizer to reduce the potential health risks from pathogenic organisms. Such a storage condition for human urine, however, not only requires a long period of time and large space but also ignores the risk of nitrogen losses. In this study, human urine underwent thermal treatment during storage to improve disinfection and to inhibit urea hydrolysis. Microbial indicators such as Escherichia coli and fecal coliforms and the concentration of ammonia/ammonium were investigated in urine samples that were stored at 60 W C and 70 W C. Both the inactivation of indicators and decomposition of urea improved under storage temperatures of 60 W C and 70 W C compared with storage under ambient temperature. Therefore, human urine is recommended to be stored at 70 W C for 7 days for hygienic and stabilization purposes. Under this storage condition, pH is maintained below 8.0 and ammonia/ammonium content is maintained at approximately 800 mg/L. 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z