https://repository.auw.edu.bd/handle/123456789/801 Tue, 08 Sep 2026 17:15:40 GMT 2026-09-08T17:15:40Z https://repository.auw.edu.bd/handle/123456789/967 Impact of cyclone Amphan on the water, sanitation, hygiene, and health (WASH2) facilities of coastal Bangladesh Nazim Uddin, Sayed Mohammad The vulnerability of the underfunded water, sanitation, hygiene, and health (WASH2) facilities, particularly in the developing nations, is exacerbated by natural disasters. This study assessed the impacts of Amphan on the WASH2 facilities of the affected coastal areas of Bangladesh via a structured questionnaire survey, key informant interviews, and direct observation. The study reported that Amphan destroyed WASH2 facilities, where only 20% of the respondents were receiving WASH2 services afterwards. Many respondents had to rely on unsafe water sources after the cyclone hit. While the respondents used different kinds of water treatment methods, three- quarters of the respondents reported issues related to odor, taste, color, and/or others. The majority had to practice open defecation due to damage done to sanitation facilities. Amphan has also resulted in an onslaught of several WASH2 diseases in the study area, primarily skin disease and diarrhea. The study has exhibited how intense natural disasters can completely render WASH2 facilities useless, causing the communities affected to switch to unsafe practices to meet their needs. The affected communities are in urgent need of adequate and sustainable WASH2 facilities. Fri, 01 Jan 2021 00:00:00 GMT https://repository.auw.edu.bd/handle/123456789/967 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z https://repository.auw.edu.bd/handle/123456789/966 Operating status of public toilets in the Hutong neighborhoods of Beijing: An empirical study Nazim Uddin, Sayed Mohammad The provision of sanitation services for fast-growing urban populations is one of the world’s urgent challenges. Hutong neighborhoods in Beijing, capital of China, cannot be rebuilt due to the protection of historical heritage, while residents still need to keep the habit of defecating in public toilets. One hundred public toilets with non- sewered sanitation in the Hutong neighborhoods of Beijing were visited to investigate the actual operating status in response to the “toilet revolution” campaign. The fault tree approach was used to identify the barriers toward a decent and environment-friendly public toilet and evaluate potential risks from the malfunction of various components. Four subsystems are defined and elaborated to calculate the fault possibility. These subsystems are environment- and user-friendly, regarded as ancillary facilities, and used for fecal sludge (FS) management. Statistical analysis of targeted cases indicated that fault probabilities of environmental considerations, user- friendly considerations, ancillary facilities, FS management are calculated as 0.79, 0.96, 0.96, and 0, respec- tively. The subsystems were weighted using a Delphi method concept. Results showed that the well operation ratio of Beijing Hutong public toilets is only 32%, and the sanitation service value chain can be further optimized. This study also provides references for other countries, which are dedicated to promoting urban sanitation and public health. Fri, 01 Jan 2021 00:00:00 GMT https://repository.auw.edu.bd/handle/123456789/966 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z